raf_sh

Для памяти:

European artists in American exile, by Jeffrey Meyers
https://www.thearticle.com/european-artists-in-american-exile

... When World War Two began the close-knit culture of French painters broke up and fourteen major artists escaped from France to America. Six were French: Duchamp, Léger, Masson, Tanguy, Ozenfant and the Surrealist ringmaster Breton; five were Russian-Polish: Chagall, Lipchitz, Zadkine, Kisling and Tchelitchew; Ernst was German, Dalí was Spanish and Mondrian Dutch. They had to experience, often for the second time, the trauma of dislocation, and adjust to a new country, language and culture. They didn’t know if they would ever again see France, their families or their friends. Duchamp, Tanguy and Mondrian did not return to Europe after the war and died in America. ...

... The Jewish artists had no choice and would have been killed if they’d remained in Europe. Chagall, Lipchitz, Zadkine and Kisling had been foreigners in France long before they arrived in America. Other Jewish artists, Modigliani and Pascin, had died. Soutine remained in France, went into hiding and sometimes had to sleep outdoors in the forests. Desperately ill and unable to have an essential operation, he died from a bleeding ulcer in 1943. Kisling had again volunteered to fight in World War Two, was wounded on the Somme and discharged from the army after the French surrendered. He reached America, lived near Aldous Huxley in southern California and returned to France in 1946. ...